【摘要】：潤(run)濕(shi)(shi)是(shi)日常生活(huo)(huo)中(zhong)的(de)(de)常見現(xian)象，在(zai)(zai)諸多方面(mian)發揮(hui)著(zhu)重(zhong)要作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)農(nong)(nong)業領域。農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)藥(yao)液(ye)在(zai)(zai)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)葉片表(biao)(biao)面(mian)潤(run)濕(shi)(shi)鋪展，從而(er)實現(xian)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)有(you)效(xiao)成分的(de)(de)滲透和傳遞，使作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)免受有(you)害(hai)生物(wu)的(de)(de)侵(qin)襲。但(dan)是(shi)，農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)及其(qi)代(dai)謝物(wu)具有(you)生物(wu)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)，且(qie)易殘留于農(nong)(nong)產品表(biao)(biao)面(mian)，因而(er)需限制其(qi)用(yong)量。資料顯示(shi)，我國農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)利用(yong)率為36.6%，大(da)量藥(yao)液(ye)在(zai)(zai)葉片表(biao)(biao)面(mian)或聚并流失，或彈跳滾落，并在(zai)(zai)大(da)氣、土壤和水(shui)環境中(zhong)富集，嚴重(zhong)危(wei)害(hai)生態(tai)環境安全。因此(ci)(ci)，實現(xian)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)液(ye)滴在(zai)(zai)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)潤(run)濕(shi)(shi)，是(shi)減(jian)少(shao)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)用(yong)量的(de)(de)關鍵因素。本文通過(guo)研究(jiu)不同靶標固體的(de)(de)界面(mian)結(jie)構特性(xing)(xing)，探討了(le)(le)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)分子結(jie)構、濃度等對(dui)靶標表(biao)(biao)面(mian)潤(run)濕(shi)(shi)粘(zhan)附行為的(de)(de)影響規(gui)律及作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)機制，以此(ci)(ci)為基(ji)礎，制備得到高(gao)附著(zhu)高(gao)潤(run)濕(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)水(shui)基(ji)型(xing)和油基(ji)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)增(zeng)效(xiao)助劑(ji)(ji)，實現(xian)了(le)(le)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)對(dui)潤(run)濕(shi)(shi)粘(zhan)附過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)調控，提高(gao)藥(yao)液(ye)在(zai)(zai)植物(wu)葉片上附著(zhu)，減(jian)少(shao)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)用(yong)量。

研究了(le)非離子表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)Triton X-100在5種光滑(hua)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)潤(run)濕粘(zhan)(zhan)附行為，發現(xian)其(qi)潤(run)濕狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態符合Young方(fang)程。表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)分子在固(gu)(gu)-液(ye)(ye)界面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)吸(xi)附的(de)(de)驅動(dong)力(li)(li)主(zhu)要(yao)為疏水相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)、靜(jing)電相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)及Lifshitz-van der Waals作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)，其(qi)吸(xi)附量與(yu)(yu)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)自(zi)由能及分量有(you)(you)關。當液(ye)(ye)滴與(yu)(yu)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)無(wu)限(xian)接近過(guo)程中，粘(zhan)(zhan)附力(li)(li)的(de)(de)突躍值隨(sui)濃度增加而升高，原因為表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)分子向固(gu)(gu)體(ti)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)前體(ti)水膜中遷移，同時表明液(ye)(ye)滴更易粘(zhan)(zhan)附于固(gu)(gu)體(ti)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)間的(de)(de)協同或拮抗作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)對(dui)潤(run)濕粘(zhan)(zhan)附過(guo)程也(ye)有(you)(you)重(zhong)要(yao)影響。利用(yong)(yong)座滴法(fa)研究了(le)非離子表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)Triton X-100在植物(wu)葉(xie)片表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)接觸(chu)角，考(kao)察濃度對(dui)接觸(chu)角、粘(zhan)(zhan)附張力(li)(li)、固(gu)(gu)-液(ye)(ye)界面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張力(li)(li)及潤(run)濕狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態影響。通(tong)過(guo)對(dui)比(bi)三種不同分子結構表面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)，發現(xian)Triton X-100提(ti)升潤(run)濕粘(zhan)(zhan)附能力(li)(li)最強，SDS次之，DTAB最差。

由于(yu)植(zhi)物葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)粗(cu)糙，在(zai)(zai)低(di)濃(nong)度(du)下，表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性劑分子(zi)在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)-液(ye)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)(he)(he)固-液(ye)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)吸附量(liang)相似，形(xing)(xing)成了不飽(bao)和(he)(he)(he)吸附層(ceng)，接(jie)觸角(jiao)(jiao)保持(chi)不變，其潤(run)濕(shi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)為(wei)Cassie-Baxter狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai);當濃(nong)度(du)進(jin)一步增加，液(ye)滴(di)突破(po)葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)三維(wei)立體結(jie)構中存在(zai)(zai)的釘扎效應，取代空氣(qi)層(ceng)而處(chu)于(yu)Wenzel狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)，接(jie)觸角(jiao)(jiao)陡(dou)降。在(zai)(zai)小麥(mai)(mai)葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，當濃(nong)度(du)超(chao)過CMC時，表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性劑分子(zi)在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)-液(ye)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)(he)(he)固-液(ye)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)成飽(bao)和(he)(he)(he)吸附層(ceng)，并(bing)產生(sheng)毛細(xi)管效應，使溶液(ye)在(zai)(zai)葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)三維(wei)立體結(jie)構中產生(sheng)半(ban)滲透過程(cheng)。與小麥(mai)(mai)葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)相比，水稻葉(xie)片(pian)(pian)疏水性更強，其在(zai)(zai)高濃(nong)度(du)下才能實現(xian)潤(run)濕(shi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)Wenzel狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)。

同時，隨(sui)著(zhu)TrtionX-100濃(nong)度增加，液滴在水稻葉(xie)片(pian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面粘(zhan)附(fu)力逐漸(最大值、突躍(yue)值及殘留)提升，說(shuo)明(ming)其有(you)利于其表(biao)(biao)(biao)面粘(zhan)附(fu)和(he)(he)持留。根據(ju)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面活性劑(ji)對液滴在作物葉(xie)片(pian)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面潤濕粘(zhan)附(fu)行(xing)為的(de)影響機制，制備得到了兩種農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)增效助劑(ji)。在田間藥(yao)(yao)(yao)效試驗中發現(xian)，在農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用(yong)量(liang)(liang)減少25%的(de)情況下，其防治效果依(yi)舊達到90%，實現(xian)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)液有(you)效潤濕和(he)(he)傳遞，以此提高農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)利用(yong)率，減少農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)，保(bao)障生態環(huan)境安(an)全和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)產品(pin)質量(liang)(liang)安(an)全。