摘要

我(wo)們討論了(le)使用LAS（線性(xing)(xing)烷基苯磺酸鹽）和AE（乙醇乙氧(yang)基化(hua)(hua)物）在(zai)生(sheng)物降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程(cheng)中水生(sheng)毒性(xing)(xing)與界面(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)關(guan)系(xi)。測(ce)定了(le)大溞死亡率、表(biao)面(mian)(mian)張力、表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑濃(nong)度和生(sheng)物降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程(cheng)中需氧(yang)量(liang)的(de)變化(hua)(hua)。結果，在(zai)基于(yu)需氧(yang)量(liang)的(de)生(sheng)物降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)(jie)開(kai)始(shi)增(zeng)加之前(qian)的(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)內，觀察到毒性(xing)(xing)的(de)快速降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)和表(biao)面(mian)(mian)張力的(de)快速增(zeng)加。這些毒性(xing)(xing)和表(biao)面(mian)(mian)張力的(de)快速變化(hua)(hua)是由(you)于(yu)初級生(sheng)物降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程(cheng)中表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)劑分(fen)子的(de)結構變化(hua)(hua)而發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)，這通過(guo)HPLC（高效(xiao)液相色譜）分(fen)析(xi)得到證實。我(wo)們還(huan)進行了(le)重新添加測(ce)試以(yi)研究馴化(hua)(hua)的(de)影響，因為它對生(sheng)物降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)(jie)起著重要作(zuo)用，發(fa)現馴化(hua)(hua)顯著加速了(le)初級生(sheng)物降(jiang)(jiang)解(jie)(jie)，這表(biao)現為表(biao)面(mian)(mian)張力增(zeng)加和水生(sheng)毒性(xing)(xing)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)。

這些結果(guo)表(biao)明，表(biao)面活(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑的環境風(feng)險不僅應考(kao)慮基于需氧量的生(sheng)物降(jiang)解，還應考(kao)慮通過初級(ji)生(sheng)物降(jiang)解過程(cheng)降(jiang)低界面活(huo)(huo)性(xing)。

一、簡介

表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)對(dui)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)生(sheng)物(wu)降(jiang)解(jie)(jie)和對(dui)水生(sheng)物(wu)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)已(yi)得到(dao)廣泛研(yan)究(jiu)1,2)。在之前的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)，我們通過(guo)使用表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力作為表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)界面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)指標來報道水的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質，如(ru)(ru)(ru)水硬度和吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存在，對(dui)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)急性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)水生(sheng)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)3,4)。當水硬度增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)或現有吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)劑(ji)數量增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)時，LAS的(de)(de)(de)(de)水生(sheng)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，但(dan)如(ru)(ru)(ru)果表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)和實驗生(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)固定，則毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)出現點的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(g tox)顯示恒定值(zhi)。該結果表(biao)(biao)(biao)明表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)界面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是水生(sheng)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原因，因此界面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)可(ke)能是生(sheng)物(wu)降(jiang)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中(zhong)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標志。

眾所周知(zhi)，大(da)多(duo)數表(biao)面活性(xing)(xing)劑（不(bu)包括(kuo)烷(wan)基酚(fen)聚氧乙烯醚）的(de)(de)水(shui)生(sheng)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)在(zai)初級生(sheng)物(wu)降(jiang)解后表(biao)現出(chu)相當低(di)(di)的(de)(de)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)。基默爾等(deng)人(ren)。5)和(he)(he)Swisher等(deng)人(ren)。6)報(bao)道，通過使(shi)用大(da)型水(shui)蚤和(he)(he)黑頭鰷(tiao)魚的(de)(de)急性(xing)(xing)水(shui)生(sheng)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)試驗，C11 LAS中間產物(wu)的(de)(de)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)約為生(sheng)物(wu)降(jiang)解前C11 LAS的(de)(de)十分之(zhi)一。此外，他們還(huan)確定了具有較短烷(wan)基鏈C4和(he)(he)C5的(de)(de)LAS中間產物(wu)的(de)(de)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)，其(qi)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)比(bi)C11 LAS低(di)(di)數百到(dao)數千。馬基等(deng)人(ren)。7)將黑頭鰷(tiao)魚置(zhi)于溪(xi)水(shui)和(he)(he)二級出(chu)水(shui)河流中每隔(ge)一定時間進行枯死試驗，發現CTAS（硫氰(qing)酸鈷活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)）在(zai)24 h內隨著毒(du)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)降(jiang)低(di)(di)而降(jiang)低(di)(di)。此外，倉(cang)田等(deng)人(ren)。8)使(shi)用35~75 mg/L AE進行了4天的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)降(jiang)解試驗，結果表(biao)明水(shui)生(sheng)毒(du)性(xing)(xing)降(jiang)低(di)(di)，表(biao)面張(zhang)力增加。

為(wei)了(le)(le)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)一(yi)步研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)在水環境(jing)中(zhong)的(de)水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，我(wo)們以表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)為(wei)指標考(kao)察了(le)(le)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，討(tao)論了(le)(le)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物降(jiang)解過程中(zhong)的(de)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)變化。實(shi)驗(yan)中(zhong)使用(yong)LAS和(he)兩(liang)種AE作(zuo)為(wei)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)試(shi)劑(ji)(ji)。對每種表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)以下三個實(shi)驗(yan)：表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)測(ce)(ce)量以研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，HPLC分析(xi)以分析(xi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物降(jiang)解過程中(zhong)的(de)結構變化，以及使用(yong)大(da)(da)型水蚤進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)急性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)驗(yan)以研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。在本研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)，我(wo)們僅(jin)使用(yong)大(da)(da)溞進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)驗(yan)，因(yin)為(wei)之前的(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)3,4)，其中(zhong)使用(yong)大(da)(da)溞、大(da)(da)溞、羅漢松和(he)鹵蟲進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)急性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)驗(yan)，表(biao)(biao)明所有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物都具有毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)（克毒素）。實(shi)際(ji)環境(jing)風險應考(kao)慮馴(xun)化對水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)影(ying)響，因(yin)為(wei)一(yi)般細(xi)菌在自(zi)然水環境(jing)中(zhong)容(rong)易馴(xun)化一(yi)般表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)。因(yin)此(ci)，本研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)還研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)了(le)(le)馴(xun)化對表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)毒性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)影(ying)響。

生物降解過程中對于表面活性劑AS、AE的表面活性以及水生生物毒性的性能的關系——摘要、簡介

生物降解過程中對于表面活性劑AS、AE的表面活性以及水生生物毒性的性能的關系——材料和方法

生物降解過程中對于表面活性劑AS、AE的表面活性以及水生生物毒性的性能的關系——結果與討論

生物降解過程中對于表面活性劑AS、AE的表面活性以及水生生物毒性的性能的關系——結論、致謝！